            VIENNA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER (1985)

    ENTRY INTO FORCE: 22 September 1988

                                  Preamble

    The Parties to this Convention,

    Aware of the potentially harmful impact on human health and the environment
    through modification of the ozone layer,

    Recalling the pertinent provisions of the Declaration of the United Nations
    Conference on the Human Environment, and in particular principle 21, which
    provides that "States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United
    Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to
    exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies,
    and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction
    or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of
    areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,"

    Taking into account the circumstances and particular requirements of
    developing countries,

    Mindful of the work and studies proceeding within both international and
    national organizations and, in particular, of the World Plan of Action on
    the Ozone Layer of the United Nations Environment Programme,

    Mindful also of the precautionary measures for the protection of the ozone
    layer which have already been taken at the national and international
    levels,

    Aware that measures to protect the ozone layer from modifications due to
    human activities require international co-operation and action and should
    be based on relevant scientific and technical considerations,

    Aware also of the need for further research and systematic observations to
    further develop scientific knowledge of the ozone layer and possible
    adverse effects resulting from its modification,

    Determined to protect human health and the environment against adverse
    effects resulting from modifications of the ozone layer,

    HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

                                  Article 1
                                 Definitions

    For the purposes of this Convention:

    1. "The ozone layer" means the layer of atmospheric ozone above the
    planetary boundary layer.

    2. "Adverse effects" means changes in the physical environment or biota,
    including changes in climate, which have significant deleterious effects on
    human health or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural
    and managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to mankind.

    3. "Alternative technologies or equipment" means technologies or equipment
    the use of which makes it possible to reduce or effectively eliminate
    emissions of substances which have or are likely to have adverse effects on
    the ozone layer.

    4. "Alternative substances" means substances which reduce, eliminate or
    avoid adverse effects on the ozone layer.

    5. "Parties" means, unless the text otherwise indicates, Parties to this
    Convention.

    6. "Regional economic integration organization" means an organization
    constituted by sovereign States of a given region which has competence in
    respect of matters governed by this Convention or its protocols and has
    been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign,
    ratify, accept, approve or accede to the instruments concerned.

    7. "Protocols" means protocols to this Convention.

                                  Article 2
                             General Obligations

    1. The Parties shall take appropriate measures in accordance with the
    provisions of this Convention and of those protocols in force to which they
    are party to protect human health and the environment against adverse
    effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or
    are likely to modify the ozone layer.

    2. To this end the Parties shall, in accordance with the means at their
    disposal and their capabilities:

     (a) Co-operate by means of systematic observations, research and
         information exchange in order to better understand and assess the
         effects of human activities on the ozone layer and the effects on
         human health and the environment from modification of the ozone layer
     (b) Adopt appropriate legislative or administrative measures and
         co-operate in harmonizing appropriate policies to control, limit,
         reduce or prevent human activities under their. jurisdiction or
         control should it be found that these activities have or are likely
         to have adverse effects resulting from modification or likely
         modification of the ozone layer;
     (c) Co-operate in the formulation of agreed measures, procedures and
         standards for the implementation of this Convention, with a view to
         the adoption of protocols and annexes;
     (d) Co-operate with competent international bodies to implement
         effectively this Convention and protocols to which they are party.

    3. The provisions of this Convention shall in no way affect the right of
    Parties to adopt, in accordance with international law, domestic measures
    additional to those referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 above, nor shall they
    affect additional domestic measures already taken by a Party, provided that
    these measures are not incompatible with their obligations under this
    Convention.

    4. The application of this article shall be based on relevant scientific
    and technical considerations.

                                  Article 3
                    Research and Systematic Observations

    1. The Parties undertake, as appropriate, to initiate and cooperate in,
    directly or through competent international bodies, the conduct of research
    and scientific assessments on:

     (a) The physical and chemical processes that may affect the ozone layer;
     (b) The human health and other biological effects deriving from any
         modifications of the ozone layer, particularly those resulting from
         changes in ultra-violet solar radiation having biological effects
         (UV-B);
     (c) Climatic effects deriving from any modifications of the ozone layer;
     (d) Effects deriving from any modifications of the ozone layer and any
         consequent change in UV-B radiation on natural and synthetic
         materials useful to mankind;
     (e) Substances, practices, processes and activities that may affect the
         ozone layer, and their cumulative effects;
     (f) Alternative substances and technologies;
     (g) Related socio-economic matters; and as further elaborated in annexes
         I and II.

    2. The Parties undertake to promote or establish, as appropriate, directly
    or through competent international bodies and taking fully into account
    national legislation and relevant ongoing activities at both the national
    and international levels, joint or complementary programmes for systematic
    observation of the state of the ozone layer and other relevant parameters,
    as elaborated in annex I.

    3. The Parties undertake to co-operate, directly or through competent
    international bodies, in ensuring the collection, validation and
    transmission of research and observational data through appropriate world
    data centres in a regular and timely fashion.

                                  Article 4
        Co-operation in the Legal, Scientific and Technical Fields

    1. The Parties shall facilitate and encourage the exchange of scientific,
    technical, socio-economic, commercial and legal information relevant to
    this Convention as further elaborated in annex II. Such information shall
    be supplied to bodies agreed upon by the Parties. Any such body receiving
    information regarded as confidential by the supplying Party shall ensure
    that such information is not disclosed and shall aggregate it to protect
    its confidentiality before it is made available to all Parties.

    2. The Parties shall co-operate, consistent with their national laws,
    regulations and practices and taking into account in particular the needs
    of the developing countries, in promoting, directly or through competent
    international bodies, the development and transfer of technology and
    knowledge. Such co-operation shall be carried out particularly through:

     (a) Facilitation of the acquisition of alternative technologies by other
         Parties;
     (b) Provision of information on alternative technologies and equipment,
         and supply of special manuals or guides to them;
     (c) The supply of necessary equipment and facilities for research and
         systematic observations;
     (d) Appropriate training of scientific and technical personnel.

                                  Article 5
                         Transmission of Information

    The Parties shall transmit, through the secretariat, to the Conference of
    the Parties established under article 6 information on the measures adopted
    by them in implementation of this Convention and of protocols to which they
    are party in such form and at such intervals as the meetings of the parties
    to the relevant instruments may determine.

                                  Article 6
                          Conference of the Parties

    1. A Conference of the Parties is hereby established. The first meeting of
    the Conference of the Parties shall be convened by the secretariat
    designated on an interim basis under article 7 not later than one year
    after entry into force of this Convention. Thereafter, ordinary meetings of
    the Conference of the Parties shall be held at regular intervals to be
    determined by the Conference at its first meeting.

    2. Extraordinary meetings of the Conference of the Parties shall be held at
    such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference, or at the
    written request of any party, provided that, within six months of the
    request being communicated to them by the secretariat, it is supported by
    at least one third of the Parties.

    The Conference of the Parties shall by consensus agree upon and adopt rules
    of procedure and financial rules for itself and for any subsidiary bodies
    it may establish, as well as financial provisions governing the functioning
    of the secretariat.

    The Conference of the Parties shall keep under continuous review the
    implementation of this Convention, and, in addition, shall:

     (a) Establish the form and the intervals for transmitting the information
         to be submitted in accordance with article 5 and consider such
         information as well as reports submitted by any subsidiary body;
     (b) Review the scientific information on the ozone layer, on its possible
         modification and on possible effects of any such modification;
     (c) Promote, in accordance with article 2, the harmonization of
         appropriate policies, strategies and measures for minimizing the
         release of substances causing or likely to cause modification of the
         ozone layer, and make recommendations on any other measures relating
         to this Convention;
     (d) Adopt, in accordance with articles 3 and 4, programmes for research,
         systematic observations, scientific and technological co-operation,
         the exchange of information and the transfer of technology and
         knowledge;
     (e) Consider and adopt, as required, in accordance with articles 9 and
         10, amendments to this Convention and its annexes;
     (f) Consider amendments to any protocol, as well as to any annexes
         thereto, and, if so decided, recommend their adoption to the parties
         to the protocol concerned;
     (g) Consider and adopt, as required, in accordance with article 10,
         additional annexes to this Convention;
     (h) Consider and adopt, as required, protocols in accordance with article
         8;
     (i) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the
         implementation of this Convention;
     (j) Seek, where appropriate, the services of competent international
         bodies and scientific committees, in particular the World
         Meteorological Organization and the World Health Organization, as
         well as the Co-ordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer, in scientific
         research, systematic observations and other activities pertinent to
         the objectives of this Convention, and make use as appropriate of
         information from these bodies and committees;
     (k) Consider and undertake any additional action that may be required for
         the achievement of the purposes of this Convention.

    5. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International
    Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any State not party to this Convention,
    may be represented at meetings of the Conference of the Parties by
    observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international,
    governmental or nongovernmental, qualified in fields relating to the
    protection of the ozone layer which has informed the secretariat of its
    wish to be represented at a meeting of the Conference of the Parties as an
    observer may be admitted unless at least one-third of the Parties present
    object. The admission and participation of observers shall be subject to
    the rules of procedure adopted by the Conference of the Parties.
                                  Article 7
                                 Secretariat

    1. The functions of the secretariat shall be:

     (a) To arrange for and service meetings provided for in articles 6, 8, 9
         and 10;
     (b) To prepare and transmit reports based upon information received in
         accordance with articles 4 and 5, as well as upon information derived
         from meetings of subsidiary bodies  established under article 6;
     (c) To perform the functions assigned to it by any protocols;
     (d) To prepare reports on its activities carried out in implementation of
         its functions under this Convention and present them to the
         Conference of the Parties;
     (e) To ensure the necessary co-ordination with other relevant
         international bodies, and in particular to enter into such
         administrative and contractual arrangements as may be required for
         the effective discharge of its functions;
     (f) To perform such other functions as may be determined by the
         Conference of the Parties.

    2. The secretariat functions will be carried out on an interim basis by the
    United Nations Environment Programme until the completion of the first
    ordinary meeting of the Conference of the Parties held pursuant to article
    6. At its first ordinary meeting, the Conference of the Parties shall
    designate the secretariat from amongst those existing competent
    international organizations which has signified their willingness to carry
    out the secretariat functions under this Convention.

                                  Article 8
                            Adoption of Protocols

    1. The Conference of the Parties may at a meeting adopt protocols pursuant
    to article 2.

    2. The text of any proposed protocol shall be communicated to the Parties
    by the secretariat at least six months before such a meeting.

                                  Article 9
                  Amendment of the Convention or Protocols

    1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Convention or to any protocol.
    Such amendments shall take due account, inter alia, of relevant scientific
    and technical considerations.

    2. Amendments to this Convention shall be adopted at a meeting of the
    Conference of the Parties. Amendments to any protocol shall be adopted at a
    meeting of the Parties to the protocol in question. The text of any
    proposed amendment to this Convention or to any protocol, except as may
    otherwise be provided in such protocol, shall be communicated to the
    Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which
    it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate
    proposed amendments to the signatories to this Convention for information.

    3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed
    amendment to this Convention by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have
    been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the amendment shall as a last
    resort be adopted by a three-fourth majority vote of the Parties present
    and voting at the meeting, and shall be submitted by the Depositary to all
    Parties for ratification, approval or acceptance.

    4. The procedure mentioned in paragraph 3 above shall apply to amendments
    to any protocol, except that a two-thirds majority of the parties to that
    protocol present and voting at the meeting shall suffice for their
    adoption.

    5. Ratification, approval or acceptance of amendments shall be notified to
    the Depositary in writing. Amendments adopted in accordance with paragraphs
    3 or 4 above shall enter into force between parties having accepted them on
    the ninetieth day after the receipt by the Depositary of notification of
    their ratification, approval or acceptance by at least three-fourths of the
    Parties to this Convention or by at least two-thirds of the parties to the
    protocol concerned, except as may otherwise be provided in such protocol.
    Thereafter the amendments shall enter into force for any other Party on the
    ninetieth day after that Party deposits its instrument of ratification,
    approval or acceptance of the amendments.

    6. For the purposes of this article, "Parties present and voting" means
    Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote.

                                  Article 10
                      Adoption and Amendment of Annexes

    1. The annexes to this Convention or to any protocol shall form an integral
    part of this Convention or of such protocol, as the case may be, and,
    unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference to this Convention or its
    protocols constitutes at the same time a reference to any annexes thereto.
    Such annexes shall be restricted to scientific, technical and
    administrative matters.

    2. Except as may be otherwise provided in any protocol with respect to its
    annexes, the following procedure shall apply to the proposal, adoption and
    entry into force of additional annexes to this Convention or of annexes to
    a protocol;

     (a) Annexes to this Convention shall be proposed and adopted according to
         the procedure laid down in article 9, paragraphs 2 and 3, while
         annexes to any protocol shall be proposed and adopted according to
         the procedure laid down in article 9, paragraphs 2 and 4;
     (b) Any party that is unable to approve an additional annex to this
         Convention or an annex to any protocol to which it is party shall so
         notify the Depositary, in writing, within six months from the date of
         the communication of the adoption by the Depositary. The Depositary
         shall without delay notify all Parties of any such notification
         received. A Party may at any time substitute an acceptance for a
         previous declaration of objection and the annexes shall thereupon
         enter into force for that Party;
     (c) On the expiry of six months from the date of the circulation of the
         communication by the Depositary, the annex shall become effective for
         all Parties to this Convention or to any protocol concerned which
         have not submitted a notification in accordance with the provision of
         subparagraph (b) above.

    3. The proposal, adoption and entry into force of amendments to annexes to
    this Convention or to any protocol shall be subject to the same procedure
    as for the proposal, adoption and entry into force of annexes to the
    Convention or annexes to a protocol. Annexes and amendments thereto shall
    take due account, inter alia, of relevant scientific and technical
    considerations.

    4. If an additional annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment
    to this Convention or to any protocol, the additional annex or amended
    annex shall not enter into force until such time as the amendment to this
    Convention or to the protocol concerned enters into force.

                                  Article 11
                            Settlement of Disputes

    1. In the event of a dispute between Parties concerning the interpretation
    or application of this Convention, the parties concerned shall seek
    solution by negotiation.

    2. If the parties concerned cannot reach agreement by negotiation, they may
    jointly seek the good offices of, or request mediation by, a third party.

    3. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to this Convention, or
    at any time thereafter, a State or regional economic integration
    organization may declare in writing to the Depositary that for a dispute
    not resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 above, it
    accepts one or both of the following means of dispute settlement as
    compulsory:

     (a) Arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the
         Conference of the Parties at its first ordinary meeting;
     (b) Submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice.

    4. If the parties have not, in accordance with paragraph 3 above, accepted
    the same or any procedure, the dispute shall be submitted to conciliation
    in accordance with paragraph 5 below unless the parties otherwise agree.

    5. A conciliation commission shall be created upon the request of one of
    the parties to the dispute. The commission shall be composed of an equal
    number of members appointed by each party concerned and a chairman chosen
    jointly by the members appointed by each party. The commission shall render
    a final and recommendatory award, which the parties shall consider in good
    faith.

    6. The provisions of this article shall apply with respect to any protocol
    except as otherwise provided in the protocol concerned.

                                  Article 12
                                  Signature

    This Convention shall be open for signature at the Federal Ministry for
    Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Austria in Vienna from 22 March 1985 to
    21 September 1985, and at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 22
    September 1985 to 21 March 1986.

                                  Article 13
                      Ratification, Acceptance or Approval

    1. This Convention and any protocol shalt be subject to ratification,
    acceptance or approval by States and by regional economic integration
    organizations. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be
    deposited with the Depositary.

    2. Any organization referred to in paragraph 1 above which becomes a Party
    to this Convention or any protocol without any of its member States being a
    Party shall be bound by all the obligations under the Convention or the
    protocol as the case may be. In the case of such organizations, one or more
    of whose member States is a Party to the Convention or relevant protocol,
    the organization and its member Stales shall decide on their respective
    responsibilities for the performance of their obligation under the
    Convention or protocol, as the case may be. In such cases, the organization
    and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise rights under the
    Convention or relevant protocol concurrently.

    3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval, the
    organizations referred to in paragraph 1 above shall declare the extent of
    their competence with respect to the matters governed by the Convention or
    the relevant protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary
    of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.

                                  Article 14
                                  Accession

    1. This Convention and any protocol shall be open for accession by States
    and by regional economic integration organizations from the date on which
    the Convention or the protocol concerned is closed for signature. The
    instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.

    2. In their instruments of accession, the organizations referred to in
    paragraph 1 above shall declare the extent of their competence with respect
    to the matters governed by the Convention or the relevant protocol. These
    organizations shall also inform the Depositary of any substantial
    modification in the extent of their competence.

    3. The provisions of article 13, paragraph 2, shall apply to regional
    economic integration organizations which accede to this Convention or any
    protocol.

                                  Article 15
                                Right to Vote

    1. Each Party to this Convention or to any protocol shall have one vote.

    2. Except as provided for in paragraph 1 above, regional economic
    integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall
    exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of
    their member States which are Parties to the Convention or the relevant
    protocol. Such organizations shall be exercise their right to vote if their
    member States exercise theirs, and vice versa.

                                  Article 16
          Relationship Between the Convention and its Protocols

    1. A State or a regional economic integration organization may not become a
    party to a protocol unless it is, or becomes at the same time, a Party to
    the Convention.

    2. Decisions concerning any protocol shall be taken only by the parties to
    the protocol concerned.

                                  Article 17
                               Entry into Force

    1. This Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the
    date of deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification, acceptance,
    approval or accession.

    2. Any protocol, except as otherwise provided in such protocol, shall enter
    into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the eleventh
    instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of such protocol or
    accession thereto.

    3. For each Party which ratifies, accepts or approves this Convention or
    accedes thereto after the deposit of the twentieth instrument of
    ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, it shall enter into force
    on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit by such Party of its
    instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

    4. Any protocol, except as otherwise provided in such protocol, shall enter
    into force for a party that ratifies, accepts or approves that protocol or
    accedes thereto after its entry into force pursuant to paragraph 2 above,
    on the ninetieth day after the date on which that party deposits its
    instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or on the
    date on which the Convention enters into force for that Party, whichever
    shall be the later.

    5. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2 above, any instrument deposited
    by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as
    additional to those deposited by member Sacs of such organization.

                                  Article 18
                                 Reservations

    No reservations may be made to this Convention.

                                  Article 19
                                  Withdrawal

    1. At any time after four years from the date on which this Convention has
    entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from the Convention
    by giving written notification to the Depositary.

    2. Except as may be provided in any protocol, at any time after four years
    from the date on which such protocol has entered into force for a party,
    that party may withdraw from the protocol by giving written notification to
    the Depositary.

    3. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year after the
    date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be
    specified in the notification of the withdrawal.

    4. Any Party which withdraws from this Convention shall be considered as
    also having withdrawn from any protocol to which it is party.

                                  Article 20
                                  Depositary

    1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall assume the functions
    of depositary of this Convention and any protocols.

    2. The Depositary shall inform the Parties, in particular, of:

     (a) The signature of this Convention and of any protocol, and the deposit
         of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in
         accordance with articles 13 and 14;
     (b) The date on which the Convention and any protocol will come into
         force in accordance with article 17;
     (c) Notifications of withdrawal made in accordance with article 19;
     (d) Amendments adopted with respect to the Convention and any protocol,
         their acceptance by the parties and their date of entry into force in
         accordance with article 9;
     (e) All communications relating to the adoption and approval of annexes
         and to the amendment of annexes in accordance with article 10;
     (f) Notifications by regional economic integration organizations of the
         extent of their competence with respect to matters governed by this
         Convention and any protocols, and of any modifications thereof.
     (g) Declarations made in accordance with article 11, paragraph 3.

                                  Article 21
                               Authentic Texts

    The original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,
    French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited
    with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

    IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect,
    have signed this Convention.

    Done at Vienna on the 22nd day of March 1985

                                  Annex I
                  Research and Systematic Observations

    1. The Parties to the Convention recognize that the major scientific issues
    are:

     (a) Modification of the ozone layer which would result in a change in the
         amount of solar ultra-violet radiation having biological effects
         (UV-B) that reaches the Earth's surface and the potential
         consequences for human health, for organisms, ecosystems and
         materials useful to mankind;
     (b) Modification of the vertical distribution of ozone, which could
         change the temperature structure of the atmosphere and the potential
         consequences for weather and climate.

    2. The Parties to the Convention, in accordance with article 3, shall
    co-operate in conducting research and systematic observations and in
    formulating recommendations for future research and observation in such
    areas as:

     (a) Research into the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere
         (i) Comprehensive theoretical models: further development of models
         which consider the interaction between radiative, dynamic and
         chemical processes; studies of the simultaneous effects of various
         man-made and naturally occurring species upon atmospheric ozone;
         interpretation of satellite and non-satellite measurement data sets;
         evaluation of trends in atmospheric and geophysical parameters, and
         the development of methods for attributing changes in these
         parameters to specific causes;
         (ii) Laboratory studies of: rate coefficients, absorption
         cross-sections and mechanisms of tropospheric and stratospheric
         chemical and photochemical processes; spectroscopic data to support
         field measurements in all relevant spectral regions;
         (iii) Field measurements: the concentration and fluxes of key source
         gases of both natural and anthropogenic origin; atmospheric dynamics
         studies; simultaneous measurements of photochemically-related species
         down to the planetary boundary layer, using in situ and remote
         sensing instruments; intercomparison of different sensors, including
         co-ordinated correlative measurements for satellite instrumentation;
         three-dimensional fields of key atmospheric trace constituents, solar
         spectral flux and meteorological parameters;
         (iv) Instrument development, including satellite and non-satellite
         sensors for atmospheric trace constituents, solar flux and
         meteorological parameters
     (b) Research into health, biological and photodegradation effects
         (i) The relationship between human exposure to visible and
         ultra-violet solar radiation and (a) the development of both
         non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer and (b) the effects on the
         immunological system;
         (ii) Effects of UV-B radiation, including the wavelength dependence,
         upon (a) agricultural crops, forests and other terrestrial ecosystems
         and (b) the aquatic food web and fisheries, as well as possible
         inhibition of oxygen production by marine phytoplankton;
         (iii) The mechanisms by which UV-B radiation acts on biological
         materials, species and ecosystems, including: the relationship
         between dose, dose rate, and response; photorepair, adaptation, and
         protection;
         (iv) Studies of biological action spectra and the spectral response
         using polychromatic radiation in order to include possible
         interactions of the various wavelength regions;
         (v) The influence of UV-B radiation on: the sensitivities and
         activities of biological species important to the biospheric balance;
         primary processes such as photosynthesis and biosynthesis;
         (vi) The influence of UV-B radiation on the photodegradation of
         pollutants, agricultural chemicals and other materials;
     (c) Research on effects on climate
         (i) Theoretical and observational studies of the radiative effects of
         ozone and other trace species and the impact on climate parameters,
         such as land and ocean surface temperatures, precipitation patterns,
         the exchange between the troposphere and stratosphere;
         (ii) The investigation of the effects of such climate impacts on
         various aspects of human activity;
     (d) Systematic observations on:
         (i) The status of the ozone layer (i.e. the spatial and temporal
         variability of the total column content and vertical distribution) by
         making the Global Ozone Observing System, based on the integration of
         satellite and ground-based systems, fully operational;
         (ii) The tropospheric and stratospheric concentrations of source
         gases for the HOx, NOx, ClOx and carbon families;
         (iii) The temperature from the ground to the mesosphere, utilizing
         both ground-based and satellite systems;
         (iv) Wavelength-resolved solar flux reaching, and thermal radiation
         leaving, the Earth's atmosphere, utilizing satellite measurements;
         (v) Wavelength-resolved solar flux reaching the Earth's surface in
         the ultra-violet range having biological effects (UV-B);
         (vi) Aerosol properties and distribution from the ground to the
         mesosphere, utilizing ground-based, airborne and satellite systems;
         (vii) Climatically important variables by the maintenance of
         programmes of high-quality meteorological surface measurements;
         (viii) Trace species, temperatures, solar flux and aerosols utilizing
         improved methods for analysing global data.

    3. The Parties to the Convention shall co-operate, taking into account the
    particular needs of the developing countries, in promoting the appropriate
    scientific and technical training required to participate in the research
    and systematic observations outlined in this annex. Particular emphasis
    should be given to the intercalibration of observational instrumentation
    and methods with a view to generating comparable or standardized scientific
    data sets.

    4. The following chemical substances of natural and anthropogenic origin,
    not listed in order of priority, are thought to have the potential to
    modify the chemical and physical properties of the ozone layer.

     (a) Carbon substances
         (i) Carbon monoxide (CO)
         Carbon monoxide has significant natural and anthropogenic sources,
         and is thought to play a major direct role in tropospheric
         photochemistry, and an indirect role in stratospheric photochemistry.
         (ii) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
         Carbon dioxide has significant natural and anthropogenic sources, and
         affects stratospheric ozone by influencing the thermal structure of
         the atmosphere.
         (iii) Methane (CH4)
         Methane has both natural and anthropogenic sources, and affects both
         tropospheric and stratospheric ozone.
         (iv) Non-methane hydrocarbon species
         Non-methane hydrocarbon species, which consist of a large number of
         chemical substances, have both natural and anthropogenic sources, and
         play a direct role in tropospheric photochemistry and an indirect
         role in stratospheric photochemistry.
     (b) Nitrogen substances
         (i) Nitrous oxide (N2O)
         The dominant sources of N2O are natural, but anthropogenic
         contributions are becoming increasingly important. Nitrous oxide is
         the primary source of stratospheric NOx, which play a vital role in
         controlling the abundance of stratospheric ozone.
    (ii) Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
         Ground-level sources of NOx play a major direct role only in
         tropospheric photochemical processes and an indirect role in
         stratosphere photochemistry, whereas injection of NOx close to the
         tropopause may lead directly to a change in upper tropospheric and
         stratospheric ozone.
     (c) Chlorine substances
         (i) Fully halogenated alkanes, e.g. CCl4, CFCl3 (CFC-11), CF2Cl2
         (CFC-12), C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113), C2F4Cl2 (CFC-114)
         Fully halogenated alkanes are anthropogenic and act as a source of
         ClOx, which plays a vital role in ozone photochemistry, especially in
         the 30-50 km altitude region.
         (ii) Partially halogenated alkanes, e.g. CH3Cl, CHF2Cl (CFC-22),
         CH3CCl3, CHFCl2 (CFC-21)
         The sources of CH3Cl are natural, whereas the other partially
         halogenated alkanes mentioned above are anthropogenic in origin.
         These gases also act as a source of stratospheric ClOx.
     (d) Bromine substances
         Fully halogenated alkanes, e.g. CF3Br
         These gases are anthropogenic and act as a source of BrOx, which
         behaves in a manner similar to ClOx.
     (e) Hydrogen substances
         (i) Hydrogen (H2)
         Hydrogen, the source of which is natural and anthropogenic, plays a
         minor role in stratospheric photochemistry.
         (ii) Water (H2O)
         Water, the source of which is natural, plays a vital role in both
         tropospheric and stratospheric photochemistry. Local sources of water
         vapour in the stratosphere include the oxidation of methane and, to a
         lesser extent, of hydrogen.

                                  Annex II
                           Information Exchange

    1. The Parties to the Convention recognize that the collection and sharing
    of information is an important means of implementing the objectives of this
    Convention and of assuring that any actions that may be taken are
    appropriate and equitable. Therefore, Parties shall exchange scientific,
    technical, socio-economic, business, commercial and legal information.

    2. The Parties to the Convention, in deciding what information is to be
    collected and exchanged, should take into account the usefulness of the
    information and the costs of obtaining it. The Parties further recognize
    that co-operation under this annex has to be consistent with national laws,
    regulations and practices regarding patents, trade secrets, and protection
    of confidential and proprietary information.

    3. Scientific information
    This includes information on:

     (a) Planned and ongoing research, both governmental and private, to
         facilitate the co-ordination of research programmes so as to make the
         most effective use of available national and international resources;
     (b) The emission data needed for research;
     (c) Scientific results published in peer-reviewed literature on the
         understanding of the physics and chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere
         and of its susceptibility to change, in particular on the state of
         the ozone layer and effects on human health, environment and climate
         which would result from changes on all time-scales in either the
         total column content or the vertical distribution of ozone;
     (d) The assessment of research results and the recommendations for future
         research.

    4. Technical information
    This includes information on:

     (a) The availability and cost of chemical substitutes and of alternative
         technologies to reduce the emissions of ozone-modifying substances
         and related planned and ongoing research;
     (b) The limitations and any risks involved in using chemical or other
         substitutes and alternative technologies.

    5. Socio-economic and commercial information on the substances referred to
    in annex I
    This includes information on:

     (a) Production and production capacity;
     (b) Use and use patterns;
     (c) Imports/exports;
     (d) The costs, risks and benefits of human activities which may
         indirectly modify the ozone layer and of the impacts of regulatory
         actions taken or being considered to control these activities.

    6. Legal information
    This includes information on:

     (a) National laws, administrative measures and legal research relevant to
         the protection of the ozone layer;
     (b) International agreements, including bilateral agreements, relevant to
         the protection of the ozone layer;
     (c) Methods and terms of licensing and availability of patents relevant
         to the protection of the ozone layer.